Junot Díaz

Oscar Wao

Chicano Moratorium

Rubén Salazar


Vernacular Histories


"Now We're Going to Hit You Back"


Tribute to Rodolfo Corky Gonález


Discourse Analysis and "Double-Speak: On the Willful Mistranslation of "La Raza"

Hate in Time

Can the historical distance that allows us to see, say, slavery as fundamentally wrong allow us to see injustice in our own present?

The "Magical Realism" of Felisa Rincón Gautier

Felisa Rincón Gautier (1897-1994) became the first and only female mayor of San Juan Puerto Rico during some of the most difficult years for Nationalists between 1947 – 1969. She is perhaps best known for bringing snow on military planes to Puerto Rico in 1952, 1953 and 1954. Parque Sixto Escobar and el Parque Luis Muñoz Rivera were "bombarded" with snow in one of the most curious and fantastical events in la isla del encanto.

Boricua Insurgencies: Puerto Rican Nationalists and (De)Colonial Imagination

The Smith Act: U.S. federal law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy. After World War II this statute was made the basis of a series of prosecutions against leaders of the Communist Party and the Socialist Workers Party. The conviction of the principal officers was sustained, and the constitutionality of the “advocacy” provision upheld, by the Supreme Court in Dennis v. United States (1951); but in a later case (Yates v. United States, 1957) the court offset this position somewhat by a strict reading of the language of the Smith Act, construing “advocacy” to mean only urging that includes incitement to unlawful action.

Lolita Lebron on Global Newsreel

November 1, 1950



March 1, 1954

Luis Valdez's Teatro Campesino

Antecedents: Zoot Suit Riots and the Pachuco c. 1943




The riots began in Los Angeles, amidst a period of rising tensions between American servicemen stationed in southern California and Los Angeles' Chicano community. On May 31, 1943, a group of white sailors on leave clashed with a group of young Hispanics in the downtown area. One sailor, Joe Dacy Coleman, was stabbed in the melee. The violence escalated as sailors and Marines continued to clash with Mexican-American youth; specifically targeting young men dressed in Zoot Suits and calling themselves pachucos (a precursor to the term Chicano). The Los Angeles Police Department initially refused to intervene as newspapers, headed by various Hearst Publishing dailies, placed the blame entirely on the pachucos. As the violence escalated over the ensuing days, thousands of servicemen joined the attacks.
An eyewitness to the attacks, journalist Carey McWilliams, described the scene as follows:
Marching through the streets of downtown Los Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot suiter they could find. Pushing its way into the important motion picture theaters, the mob ordered the management to turn on the house lights and then ran up and down the aisles dragging Mexicans out of their seats. Streetcars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked from their seats, pushed into the streets and beaten with a sadistic frenzy.
The local press lauded the attacks by the servicemen, describing the assaults as having a "cleansing effect" that were ridding Los Angeles of "miscreants" and "hoodlums." Sailors and Marines initially targeted pachucos, but African-Americans in Zoot Suits were also victimized in the Central Avenue corridor area. This escalation compelled the Navy and Marine Corp command staff to intervene on June 7; confining sailors and Marines to barracks and declaring Los Angeles as off-limits to all military personnel with enforcement by U.S. Navy Shore Patrol.
A week later, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt characterized the riots, which the local press had largely attributed to criminal actions by the Mexican American community, as in fact being "race riots" rooted in long-term discrimination against Mexican-Americans. This led to an outraged response by the Los Angeles Times, which in an editorial the following day accused Mrs. Roosevelt of stirring "race discord."
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Luis Valdez


Interview